Northern Italy: birthplace of the Renaissance
Renaissance = rebirth
cities were the center of the action
Milan and Florence and wealthy mechanist and bankers
artists were inspired by the former splendor of Rome
Merchants and the Medici
Merchants dominated politics
Medici were powerful banking family
patrons: they paid artists, writers and musicians to create beautiful works of arts
Super-Patron: Isabella d'Este
educated, brilliant
gifted singer, lute player, innovative dance
wealthy, power parents
fashionista, designs her own perfume
What patronage got
nativity
Antonio da Correggio
1529-1530
101 in. by 74 in.
evolving values... humanism
deep interest in what people have already achieved, as well as what they are capable of achieving in the future
worldly(secular) values were essential
"Renaissance Man," "Renaissance Women"
could master many fields of work
Renaissance Women: Isabella d'Este
Renaissance Men: Leonardo da Vinci
- Painter
- Scientist
- Inventor
Artistic style and methods - sculpture
realistic figures
Pieta
carved from marble by Michelangelo from 1498-1499
St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City
Artistic styles and methods - painting
perspective - using shadowed depth to create the illusion of three dimensions
Frescoes - technique of mural painting
Michelangelo's work in the ceiling of the Sisine Chapel
Artistic styles and methods - literature
vernacular - their native language
literature was more accessible to the masses
Northern Renaissance
ideas and attitudes about the Renaissance moved from Italy northward
Up north, the classical (Greek and Roman) learning and the humanistic approach was combined with religious ideas
learning spread rapidly, mostly due to one major invention
The Printing Press (feat. Movable Type!)
the Chinese had invented the printing press centuries before, but Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized it in Germany in 1439
one of the most important and impactful inventions in history
Tuesday, May 17, 2016
Thursday, April 28, 2016
Notes on at the Crusades
Holy Roman Empire - Age of Faith
more a political power than a spiritual power
over 500 massive Gothic cathedrals are built 1170-1270
Muslisms is a new religion starts around 100 years ago
Muslisms are more serious about their religion
all in Jerusalem:
Dome of Rock (Islam)
Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Christian)
Western Wall (Judaism)
1093 Emperor Alexius Comnenus wrote letter to Pope Urban 2
Holy War
200 years religiously sanctioned
Jerusalem is a Holy Place for Christian
they want to get the Holy Place back from Muslim
more a political power than a spiritual power
over 500 massive Gothic cathedrals are built 1170-1270
Muslisms is a new religion starts around 100 years ago
Muslisms are more serious about their religion
all in Jerusalem:
Dome of Rock (Islam)
Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Christian)
Western Wall (Judaism)
1093 Emperor Alexius Comnenus wrote letter to Pope Urban 2
Holy War
200 years religiously sanctioned
Jerusalem is a Holy Place for Christian
they want to get the Holy Place back from Muslim
Wednesday, April 27, 2016
Note on Germanic Kingdoms United under Charlemagne
it's very dangerous because the law and government is not working
no trading, cities are crab out
people don't social with each other because other people might hurt you
just tell stories don't know how to read and write
Roman: language that are similar (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian)
only people know how to read are the rich and priest
no school for children to learn
little houses around the walls are for the little army
rich have farmers, warriors... all people that have different skilled to do everything they need to use.
no Empire, no king just little community
first pretty house - lords house (rich)
second pretty house - Church
Benedict: first people who write rules for work
no trading, cities are crab out
people don't social with each other because other people might hurt you
just tell stories don't know how to read and write
Roman: language that are similar (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian)
only people know how to read are the rich and priest
no school for children to learn
little houses around the walls are for the little army
rich have farmers, warriors... all people that have different skilled to do everything they need to use.
no Empire, no king just little community
first pretty house - lords house (rich)
second pretty house - Church
Benedict: first people who write rules for work
Tuesday, April 26, 2016
The Crusades
Background:
- Age of Faith
- Holy Roman Empire is the strongest kingdom in Europe
Jerusalem
- late eleventh century, Jerusalem was controlled by the Muslims
- Islam's 3rd holiest City
- Holy City to Jews
The "Holy War"
- Pope Urban 2 put the call for Christians to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim Turks
- Thus began 200 years of religiously sanctioned military campaigns, from 1095 to 1291
- crusade means "taking of the cross"
Crusades (almost) Entirely Supported Throughout Holy Roman Empire
- "soldiers of the Church" took vows to take back the Holy Land
- Pope promised those who died in the endeavor would receive immediate remission for their sins
- Age of Faith
- Holy Roman Empire is the strongest kingdom in Europe
Jerusalem
- late eleventh century, Jerusalem was controlled by the Muslims
- Islam's 3rd holiest City
- Holy City to Jews
The "Holy War"
- Pope Urban 2 put the call for Christians to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim Turks
- Thus began 200 years of religiously sanctioned military campaigns, from 1095 to 1291
- crusade means "taking of the cross"
Crusades (almost) Entirely Supported Throughout Holy Roman Empire
- "soldiers of the Church" took vows to take back the Holy Land
- Pope promised those who died in the endeavor would receive immediate remission for their sins
Germanic Kingdoms United under Charlemagne
Main Idea:
- many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne's empire
- Charlemagne spread Christian civilization
Setting the Stage
- Middle Ages = medieval period
- AD 476 - AD 1453
This is a new society
- has roots in
- classical heritage of Rome
- beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
- customs of various Germanic tribes
5th Century Germanic invaders
- overrun half of Roman Empire
- causing:
- disruption of trade
- downfall of cities
- population shifts to rural areas
Effects of Invasion
- decline
- tribes could't read Greek or Latin
- French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian
- few besides priest were literate
Germanic Kingdoms emerge: AD 400-600
- warriors' loyalty is to the lord of the manor
- he provides them food, weapons, treasure
- result
- no orderly government for large area
- small communities rule
even so ... Clovis rules the Franks
- Clovis rules Gaul, know as Franks
- 496, battlefield conversion, he and 3000 warriors become Christian
- 511, Franks are united into one kingdom, Clovis and Church
Spread of Christianity
- Church + Frankish rulers = rise in Christianity
- 520, Benedict writes rules for monks
- vows of poverty
- chastity
- obedience
- sister Scholastica, writes similar rules for nuns
- operate schools, maintain libraries, copy books
Pope Gregory and Papal Power Play
- Pope Gregory 1 goes secular
- Church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies
- theocracy
- Christendom extends from Italy to England, from Spain to Germany
Who's Running Europe
- Clovis rules the Franks in Gaul until his death 511
- rest of Europe smaller kingdoms
- descendants include Charles Martel, Charles the Hammer
- Hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party fromSpain at the Battle of Tour in 732
How do you follow the Hammer
- Charles Martel's son is Pepin the Short
- ling by the grace of God
- Pepin the Short dies in 768
- 1 son Carolina dies in 771
- 2 son Charles, Charlemagne
- six feet four inches of rocking ruling warriors greatness
- many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne's empire
- Charlemagne spread Christian civilization
Setting the Stage
- Middle Ages = medieval period
- AD 476 - AD 1453
This is a new society
- has roots in
- classical heritage of Rome
- beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
- customs of various Germanic tribes
5th Century Germanic invaders
- overrun half of Roman Empire
- causing:
- disruption of trade
- downfall of cities
- population shifts to rural areas
Effects of Invasion
- decline
- tribes could't read Greek or Latin
- French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian
- few besides priest were literate
Germanic Kingdoms emerge: AD 400-600
- warriors' loyalty is to the lord of the manor
- he provides them food, weapons, treasure
- result
- no orderly government for large area
- small communities rule
even so ... Clovis rules the Franks
- Clovis rules Gaul, know as Franks
- 496, battlefield conversion, he and 3000 warriors become Christian
- 511, Franks are united into one kingdom, Clovis and Church
Spread of Christianity
- Church + Frankish rulers = rise in Christianity
- 520, Benedict writes rules for monks
- vows of poverty
- chastity
- obedience
- sister Scholastica, writes similar rules for nuns
- operate schools, maintain libraries, copy books
Pope Gregory and Papal Power Play
- Pope Gregory 1 goes secular
- Church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies
- theocracy
- Christendom extends from Italy to England, from Spain to Germany
Who's Running Europe
- Clovis rules the Franks in Gaul until his death 511
- rest of Europe smaller kingdoms
- descendants include Charles Martel, Charles the Hammer
- Hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party fromSpain at the Battle of Tour in 732
How do you follow the Hammer
- Charles Martel's son is Pepin the Short
- ling by the grace of God
- Pepin the Short dies in 768
- 1 son Carolina dies in 771
- 2 son Charles, Charlemagne
- six feet four inches of rocking ruling warriors greatness
Monday, April 25, 2016
Christianity in the Pax Romana
Christianity - roots
- Jesus
- comes from the Gospels
- "Gospel" means "good news"
- Jesus was a Jewish itinerant preacher
- set himself apart from other "Messiahs"
- Jesus taught God's personal relationship to each human being
- Jesus believe there will be "Messiah"
- Jesus was a threat to Roman rule
Start spreading the news
- Paul of Tarsus was a Jew who became a follower of Jesus
- Well-travelled, helped found Churches in many places
- Jews & Christian monotheistic
refuse to worship Roman gods
Problem
- when things began to go wrong for the Roman Empire, Jews and Christians persecuted by Roman authorities
The appeal of Christianity
- Because
- Embrace all people
- Men AND Women
- enslaved people
- the poor
- gave hope to powerless
Conversion of Constantine (AD 312)
- Roman emperor has a vision
- sees an image in the sky of a cross and the words
Edict of Milan in AD 313
- Christianity becomes a religion which is recognized/approved
- By 380, becomes empire's official religion
Decline of the Roman Empire
- Christianity strengthen, Rome weakened
- Military: too weak to defend huge area
- Economy: takes too high; widening gap between rich & poor
- Social: disloyalty, population decrease
- Political: division of the empire
the Last Roman emperor was in 476
- 14-year-old boy named Romulus Augustulus
- Jesus
- comes from the Gospels
- "Gospel" means "good news"
- Jesus was a Jewish itinerant preacher
- set himself apart from other "Messiahs"
- Jesus taught God's personal relationship to each human being
- Jesus believe there will be "Messiah"
- Jesus was a threat to Roman rule
Start spreading the news
- Paul of Tarsus was a Jew who became a follower of Jesus
- Well-travelled, helped found Churches in many places
- Jews & Christian monotheistic
refuse to worship Roman gods
Problem
- when things began to go wrong for the Roman Empire, Jews and Christians persecuted by Roman authorities
The appeal of Christianity
- Because
- Embrace all people
- Men AND Women
- enslaved people
- the poor
- gave hope to powerless
Conversion of Constantine (AD 312)
- Roman emperor has a vision
- sees an image in the sky of a cross and the words
Edict of Milan in AD 313
- Christianity becomes a religion which is recognized/approved
- By 380, becomes empire's official religion
Decline of the Roman Empire
- Christianity strengthen, Rome weakened
- Military: too weak to defend huge area
- Economy: takes too high; widening gap between rich & poor
- Social: disloyalty, population decrease
- Political: division of the empire
the Last Roman emperor was in 476
- 14-year-old boy named Romulus Augustulus
Friday, April 22, 2016
Feudalism in Europe
Power and Authority:
- Feudalism, a political and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances, emerges in Europe.
Setting the Stage:
- After the Treaty of Verdum, Charlemagne's three feuding grandsons broke up the kingdom even further. Part of this territory also became a battleground as new waves of invaders attacked Europe.
Invaders Attack Western Europe
800-1000, invasions destroyed the Carolingian Empire. Muslim invaders from the south seized Sicily and raided Italy. 846, they sacked Rome Magyar invaders struck from the east.
- The Vikings Invade from the North
- Vikings set sail from Scandinavia, a wintry, wooded region in Northern Europe.
- Vikings were a Germanic people
- they carried out their raids with terrifying speed.
- they were not only warriors but also readers, farmers and explorers
- Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South
- as Viking invasions declined, Europe became the target of new assaults
- the Magyars, a group of nomadic people, attacked from the east, which is now Hungary
- Muslims struck from the south
A New Social Order: Feudalism
911, two former enemies faced each other in a peace ceremony. Roll was the head of a Viking army. Rollo and his men had been plundering the rich Seine River valley for years. Charles the Simple was the king of France but held little power.
- Feudalism Structures Society
- worst years of the invaders' attacks 850-950
- the system of governing and landholding, called feudalism
- the feudal system was based on rights and obligations, in exchange for military protection and other services, a lord, or landowner, granted land called a fief. The person receiving a fief was called a vassal
- The Feudal Pyramid
- the structure of feudal society was much like a pyramid.
- at the peak reigned the king
- next the most powerful vassals - wealthy landowners
- serving beneath these vassals were knight, knight were counted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords' lands in exchange for fiefs
- Social Classes Are Well Define
- statues determined a person's prestige and power
- three group
- who fought (nobles and knights)
- who prayed (men and women of the Church)
- who worked (the peasants)
- In Europe in the Middle Ages, the vast majority of people were peasants.
- most peasants were serfs, serfs were people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born
Manor: The Economic Side of Feudalism
The manor was the land's estate. during the Middle Ages, the manor system was the basic economic arrangement. The Manor system rested on a set of rights and obligations between a lord and his serfs.
- A Serf-Contained World
- peasants rarely traveled more than 25 miles from their own manor
- the manor was largely a self-sufficient community
-the serfs and peasants raised or produced nearly everything they and their lord needed for daily life
- The Harshness of Manor Life
- for the privilege of living on the lord's land, peasants paid a high price after all these payments to the lord, peasant families owned the village priest a tithe, or church tax, a tithe represented one-tenth of their income
- for most serfs, both men and women, life was work and more work
- despite the hardships they endured, serfs accepted their lot in life as part of the Church's teaching.
- Feudalism, a political and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances, emerges in Europe.
Setting the Stage:
- After the Treaty of Verdum, Charlemagne's three feuding grandsons broke up the kingdom even further. Part of this territory also became a battleground as new waves of invaders attacked Europe.
Invaders Attack Western Europe
800-1000, invasions destroyed the Carolingian Empire. Muslim invaders from the south seized Sicily and raided Italy. 846, they sacked Rome Magyar invaders struck from the east.
- The Vikings Invade from the North
- Vikings set sail from Scandinavia, a wintry, wooded region in Northern Europe.
- Vikings were a Germanic people
- they carried out their raids with terrifying speed.
- they were not only warriors but also readers, farmers and explorers
- Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South
- as Viking invasions declined, Europe became the target of new assaults
- the Magyars, a group of nomadic people, attacked from the east, which is now Hungary
- Muslims struck from the south
A New Social Order: Feudalism
911, two former enemies faced each other in a peace ceremony. Roll was the head of a Viking army. Rollo and his men had been plundering the rich Seine River valley for years. Charles the Simple was the king of France but held little power.
- Feudalism Structures Society
- worst years of the invaders' attacks 850-950
- the system of governing and landholding, called feudalism
- the feudal system was based on rights and obligations, in exchange for military protection and other services, a lord, or landowner, granted land called a fief. The person receiving a fief was called a vassal
- The Feudal Pyramid
- the structure of feudal society was much like a pyramid.
- at the peak reigned the king
- next the most powerful vassals - wealthy landowners
- serving beneath these vassals were knight, knight were counted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords' lands in exchange for fiefs
- Social Classes Are Well Define
- statues determined a person's prestige and power
- three group
- who fought (nobles and knights)
- who prayed (men and women of the Church)
- who worked (the peasants)
- In Europe in the Middle Ages, the vast majority of people were peasants.
- most peasants were serfs, serfs were people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born
Manor: The Economic Side of Feudalism
The manor was the land's estate. during the Middle Ages, the manor system was the basic economic arrangement. The Manor system rested on a set of rights and obligations between a lord and his serfs.
- A Serf-Contained World
- peasants rarely traveled more than 25 miles from their own manor
- the manor was largely a self-sufficient community
-the serfs and peasants raised or produced nearly everything they and their lord needed for daily life
- The Harshness of Manor Life
- for the privilege of living on the lord's land, peasants paid a high price after all these payments to the lord, peasant families owned the village priest a tithe, or church tax, a tithe represented one-tenth of their income
- for most serfs, both men and women, life was work and more work
- despite the hardships they endured, serfs accepted their lot in life as part of the Church's teaching.
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